Having reviewed the Parthenon and Leonardo Da Vinci, we'll see if we can continue to take a rational look at claims of "phi" (or the "golden mean" or "golden ratio") that was so popular with artists.
the story becomes more complex in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as artists begin to consciously adopt in their work, and it becomes more difficult to separate fact from fiction. Let's start with what we know for sure.
one of the champions of the nineteenth century the average gold was Adolf Zeising German psychologist (1810-1876) who found the golden mean in nature, especially in branching patterns, leaves, seeds models. These manifestations of the report are recognized even by the most skeptical scientists.
over the years, scientists have found other places where the average gold turns up. In 2010, the journal Science published an article on how these digital models appear in crystals at the atomic scale.
The Golden Mean appears most often in terms of numerical relationships, such as the Fibonacci numbers that appear in heads, seeds and shells.
Zeisler promoted the idea that the average gold could be found in the Parthenon and the works of Leonardo. He made broad claims that the golden ratio was
"the universal law in which content is the ground principle of all formative striving for beauty and completeness in the areas of nature and art, and which permeates, as a primordial spiritual ideal, all structures, shapes and proportions, whether cosmic or individual, organic or inorganic, acoustic or optical ;. which finds its full realization, however, in the human form "
Whether or not the ideas of Zeisler had a solid foundation in observable fact, they took with artists and mystics.
A group of painters led by Jacques Villon and called "Golden Section" (in french: "Golden Section") held exhibitions in Paris between 1912 and 1914. They included Juan Gris, Robert Delaunay and Giro Severini and others, but not all used the mathematical principles. later artists such as Salvador Dali also said the use of gold principles.
In the 1920s, Jay Hambidge, a student of William Merritt Chase, published a book called Dynamic Symmetry 
that presented a grid system based on an average of gold. The system was taken over by artists such as Maxfield Parrish, whose preliminary drawing for the famous painting "Daybreak" is over. Here is the analysis of the structure of a person behind Daybreak.
that presented a grid system based on an average of gold. The system was taken over by artists such as Maxfield Parrish, whose preliminary drawing for the famous painting "Daybreak" is over. Here is the analysis of the structure of a person behind Daybreak. 
Above: architects data (German: Bauentwurfslehre) Published in 1936 by Neufert
means principles gold were adopted in very different aesthetic quarters of the twentieth century. Many readers of this blog have encountered gold means principles in the context of contemporary realistic workshops.
The methods have also been embraced by the Bauhaus (literally "House of Building"), founded by Walter Gropius in Germany between World War I and II, and led by influential architects such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
Swiss architect Le Corbusier, who defended the international style of the building design, used the golden ratio and the Fibonacci series as a central principle his work and teaching. He described the grounds that:
"rhythms apparent to the eye and clear in their relations among themselves and these rhythms are at the very root of human activities, they resound in man by an organic inevitability, the same .. well inevitability which causes the traceability of the golden section by children, old men, savages and scholars. "
many Bauhaus teachers emigrated to America, where their ideas about golden section are incorporated in the university art educations, they are taught to date.
Tomorrow we can assess applications for Zeisler and Le Corbusier whether the average gold really seems in natural forms such as the human figure
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book :. the dynamic symmetry elements (Dover Art Instruction)
book: Bauhaus 1919- 1933 (Taschen 25)
book: Maxfield Parrish
by Coy Ludwig Photos of the planet, hand, etc. by
Coneflower "Math Surrey"
GurneyJourney series: Demystifying the Golden Mean
Part 1: Debunking the claims of the Parthenon
Part 2: the average gold and Leonardo Part 3: How the average gold caught on with artists
Part 4: the average gold and the human body
Part 5: Last question on the golden rectangle
